RESULTS

Soil sampling on polluted by superecotoxicants territories

Several methods for dioxin determination in various objects of environment, food substances and technical materials were developed and attested.

The following methods were created:

• The procedure of dioxin-like PCB determination together with PCDD/PCDF in blood samples;
• The procedure of ultra-track determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in priority chlorinated pesticides by the method of chromatography-mass spectrometry of high resolution in the samples of water, soil, bottom sediments and biosamples;
• The procedure of determination of the total concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in coal oils and other oil products;
• The procedure of measurements of mass concentration of alkylphenols and chlorophenols in the samples of water, soils and bottom sediments by the method of chromatography-mass spectrometry;
• The procedure of measurements of mass concentrations of oil products and n-alkanes in the samples of water, soils and bottom sediments by the method of chromatography-mass spectrometry;
• The procedure of determination of trace quantities of pentachlorophenol in the samples of soils and bottom sediments with detection limit of 0.1 ng/g;
• The procedure of PCB determination in the water by the method of perchlorination;
• The procedure of determination of DDT and its metabolites, Lindane and HCB in the water and soil by the method of Gas Chromatography ГХ-ЭЗД with the control by the method of chromatography-mass spectrometry;
• The method of chromatography-mass spectrometry survey analysis and quantitative estimation of organic pollutants in environment, technical materials and other objects.

The procedure of determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As and Mn) in the water and soil by the method of atomic absorptive spectrometry was adapted.

Methodology of systemic approach in chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was developed for complex mixtures of organic compounds in environmental objects. Fluorine-containing standard specimens for multi-component organic analysis of environmental objects were developed and put into analytical practice.

The Laboratory is accredited by the Committee of the Russian Federation on standardization, metrology and certification (Governmental Standard of the RF) in November 1993, registered in the List of the System (certificate of the ROSS RU. 0001.511136 from the 2nd of October 2003) for carrying out of the works on the analysis of dioxin, dioxin-like compounds and other pollutants of environment. The Laboratory takes part in International Qualification Tests perennially.

Water solubility of dioxins was developed and the way of the solubility increasing for several orders due to creation of subcritical conditions. It was shown that in subcritical conditions at the presence of iron as catalyst, the process of dechlorination of dioxins occurs that allows creation of a device for detoxication of heavily polluted soils.

The level and character of dioxin pollution in South Vietnam and some regions of Russia were studied, the patterns of transformation and transferring of dioxins in Vietnam were found. For modeling of dynamics of super ecotoxicants a complex research scheme was realized, combining the study of dioxin pollution in the area of 'hot spots' (the places with especially high content of dioxins), in the regions, undergone and not undergone the treatment with defoliant during the war, and on the ways of possible distribution of dioxins from 'hot spots'. It was shown that the profile of congeners of PCDD/PCDF in soil samples, bottom sediments and biological materials depends on the source of pollution and can serve as indicator of the source of pollution.

According to PCDD/PCDF content in soils and profile of congeners the polluted territories are ranged into 4 types: the places with high level of pollution, maintaining the initial profile of congeners, typical for 'orange agent', the place of PCDD/PCDF distribution with a changed profile of congeners, the places, undergone the treatment of defoliants, and control territories, not subjected to the treatment.

On the basis of analysis of monitoring results on dioxin pollution of animate nature and abiocoen of the south of Vietnam, the principle basics of the model of ecological fate of 2,3,7,8-TCDD got into ecosystem during war operations were developed.

During the study on stable organic pollutants content in the ecosystems of Vietnam, an important role of several such compounds in formation of negative anthropogenic load on inhabitants was confirmed.

Evaluation of dioxin pollution was undertaken in urban territories, adjacent to the airport Danang, where previously military base of USA was located, on which operations with 'Orange Agent' (OA) were made. This territory was strongly polluted with dioxins. Evaluation of dioxin pollution was also done for soils, bottom sediments and biological objects, including bottom sediments of the rivers in the north and south of Vietnam. High content of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the airport territories, adjacent to 'hot spot' was determined, the areas within the city subjected to significant pollution by OA were revealed and the factors of bioconcentrating for PCDD and PCDF were determined for freshwater fish in the lake, into which the storm flows got from airport territory. Undertaken evaluation of the pollution state of urban territories, adjacent to the airport, showed the growth of anthropogenic dioxin load in modern Vietnam. Except the 'hot spot' and anthropogenic sources an additional unknown source of dioxins was revealed.

The program of organization and conducting of soil monitoring for content of stable organic pollutants in the city of Moscow was developed. The studies, carried out during two years of soil monitoring for stable organic pollutants in Moscow confirmed the presence in Moscow soils of significant quantities of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides, and also alkylphthalates, oil products and other organic pollutants. The content of organic pesticides in several soil samples exceeds the standards, accepted in European countries. Calculated according to special method index of hazard degree of soil pollution in Moscow, considering both their concentration and relative toxicity, points out the following most hazard pollutants in descending order: PAH, DDT and its metabolites, PCDD/PCDF/PCB, oil products.