Publications about hybrids of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) 
and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.); without publications in Russian
A.A. Makhrov, e-mail: makhrov12@mail.ru
I thank T.A. Bakke, E. Beall, O.L. Christoforov, E.A. Dorofeyeva, K. Elo, I.A. Fleming, P.F. Galbreath, E. Garcia-Vazquez, K. Hindar, I.B. Mjolnerod, I.G. Murza, T. Paaver, Ø. Skaala, E. Verspoor, J.A. Vuorinen, N.P. Wilkins, I.F. Wilson, T. Ueda, and Yu.P. Zelinsky for reprints.

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Castillo A.G.F., Beall E., Moran P., Martinez J.L., Garcia-Vazquez E. 2010. Indirect benefits for female salmon from mating with brown trout // J. Heredity. v. 101. p. 461–468.
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p. 232-233. "... the Glenaniff is primarily an Atlantic salmon river with the numbers of parr of this species being at least five times that of brown trout. It is also the only river in which salmon x trout hybrids were found (data not <> presented)."
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p. 235. "Salmon and brown trout hybrids have been produced in hatchery conditions (B. Johnson, personal communication), but their survival and effect in the wild are unknown."
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p. 861. “Young observed how a single female Salmon conducted nine males, which were all taken, one after the other to her spawning bed; and when even the last male was caught, she returned with a large Trout in her train.” 
Frost W.E., Brown M.E. 1967. The trout. Collins. London. 286 p.
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*Garcia de Leaniz C., Verspoor E. 1988. Hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in northern Spain // Abstr. Sci Pap. 76th Statatory Meet. Int. Couns. Explor. Sea. Bergen. 6-14 Oct. v. 3. p. 64.
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Garcia-Vazquez E., Moran P., Perez J., Martinez J.L., Izquierdo J.I., de Gaudemar B., Beall E. 2002. Interspecific barriers between salmonids when hybridization is due to sneak mating // Heredity. v. 89. № 4. p. 288-292.
Garcia-Vazquez E., Moran P., Martinez J.L., Perez J., de Gaudemar B., Beall E. 2001. Alternative mating strategies in Atlantic salmon and brown trout // J. Heredity. v. 92. № 2. p. 146-149.
Garcia-Vazquez E., Perez J., Ayllon F., Martinez J.L., Glise S., Beall E. 2004. Asymmetry of post-F1 reproductive barriers among brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) // Aquaculture. V. 234. p. 77-84.
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"Fry from crosses ... Brown trout male x Atlantic Salmon female ... were identified as hybrids by phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)."
*Haack H. 1880. Die Fortpflanzungfahigkeit der Bastarde // Oesterrungar Fisch. Ztg. 59.
Haak. 1894. Lachsbastarde auf der Schweizerischen Fischerei-Ausstellung in Zurich // Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung. V. 19. № 16. p. 280-281.
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*Harrison A.C. 1959. New trout for tomorrow // Piscator. 13 (45). p. 42-43.
Hartley S.E. 1996. High incidence of Atlantic salmon x brown trout hybrids in a Lake District stream // J. Fish Biology. v. 48. № 1. p. 151-154.
Hedenskog M., Petersson E., Jarvi T., Khamis M. 1997. Morphological comparison of natural produced Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), anadromous brown trout (S. trutta L), and their hybrid // Nordic J. Freshw. Res. v. 73. p. 35-43.
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Henking H. 1931. Untersuchungen an Salmoniden mit besonderer berucksichtigung der art- und rassefragen. Teil 2. // Rapp. Proces-Verb. des Reunions. v. LXXIII. 1-122. (English summary)
*Heuscher J. 1901. Thuner - und Brienzersee, ihre biologischen und Fischerie-Verhaltnisse. Plaffikon, E. Zwingli. 104 p.
Hindar K. 1998. Interbreeding of farmed salmon and wild trout: does this risk the genetic integrity of wild populations? // Interactions between Salmon Culture and Wild Stocks of Atlantic Salmon: The Scientific and Management Issues. Report by the Convenors of a Symposium organized by The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) held at Bath, England, UK during 18-22 April 1997 by A.F. Youngson, L.P. Hansen, M.L. Windsor. p. 30-31. 
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Jansson H., Holmgren I., Wedin K., Andersson T. 1991. High frequency of natural hybrids between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (S. trutta L.) in a Swedish river // Symposium on Biochemical Genetics and Taxonomy of Fish. Queen's University. Belfast, 22-26 July 1991. Abstracts. p. 39.
Jansson H., Ost T. 1997. Hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in a restored section of the River Dalalven, Sweden // Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. v. 54. № 9. p. 2033-2039.
Johnsen B.O., Hindar K., Balstad T., Hvidsten N.A., Jensen A.J., Jensas J.G., Syversveen M., Ostborg G. 2005. Atlantic salmon and Gyrodactylus in the river Vefsna and Driva // NINA rapport 34. 33 p. (in Norwegian, English Abstract)
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Khristoforov O.L., Murza I.G. 2001. Seasonal races of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): some features of a physiological status and behavior of migrants // Biodiversity of the European North. International conference. September 3-7, 2001. Abstracts. (A.E. Veselov, P.I. Danilov, E.P. Ieshko, S.P. Kitaev, O.L. Kuznetsov, N.N. Nemova, eds.). Petrozavodsk: Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre. p. 253-254.
p. 254. “It was revealed in our study that immature migrants reminding “autumn” run ones may appear in the rivers where they were not met before as a result of cross-breeding between salmon and trout and inheritance by hybrids the migratory behavior pattern of trout. Such type of fish premature return has been registered in the rivers of Northwest (Narova, Luga and Svir) where the cases of hand-made hybridization between species are frequent. The same behavior of immature salmon escaping from sea cages was reported (Lacroix et al., 1997).” 
(available online: http://biology.krc.karelia.ru/conferences/biodiv2001/)
*Kusakina A.A. 1959. Cytophysiological investigation of muscle tissue in certain interspecific fish hybrids with heterosis // Tsitologiya. V. 1. № 1. p. 111-119. (Tranl. From Russian, U.S. Dep. Commer., Natl. Tech. Inf. Serv., Springfield, Va. as JPRS-1802-N).
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p. 114. “On July 4, 1982, a smolt with a combination of external characters of Atlantic salmon (deeply forked caudal fin, silver color) and sea trout (pink border of adipose fin, arrangement of spots) was caught. Electrophoretic analysis of this fish, made by A.G. Osinov, (Department of Ichthyology, Moscow State University) confirmed that it was an F1 hybrid. Another hybrid was caught on July 8, 1983.”
*Lestage J.A. 1939. L'hybridization truite fario et saumon // Peche Piscic. 12. 316-317.
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p. 26. "As the Atlantic (Baltic) salmon populations in Poland were exitinct at the time of sea trout sampling, there were neither salmon individuals nor salmon/trout hybrids among sampled fish. However, the programme for Baltic salmon restoration in Poland is contining and is becoming successful, so it could be expected that salmon/trout hybrids will soon be identified both among salmon and sea trout populations (J a n s s o n et al., 1991; Y o u n g s o n et al., 1993)."
Lura H., Saegrov H. 1993. Timing of spawning in cultured and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the river Vosso, Norway // Ecology of Freshwater Fish. v. 2. p. 167-172.
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p. 429. "Beginning in 1971, releases of Atlantic salmon-brown trout ("sambrown") hybrids have been made by Connecticut into the Farmington River (Connecticut basin) and Latimer and Whitfords tributaries of Long Island Sound (Wilde, personal communication)."
p. 457. "Wilde, C.W. 1976. Chief, Department of Environment Protection, Fish and Water Life, State Office Building, Hartford, CT 06115, USA."
Makhrov A.A. 2008. Hybridization of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (S. trutta L.) // Zoosystematica Rossica. v. 17. No. 2. p. 129-143.
Makhrov A.A., Artamonova V.S., Christoforov O.L., Murza I.G., Altukhov Yu. P. 2004. Hybridization between Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and brown trout S. trutta L. upon artificial propagation // Russian Journal of Genetics. v. 40. № 11. p. 1258-1263.
Makhrov A.A., Kuzishchin K.V., Novikov G.G. 1998. Natural Hybrids of Salmo salar with Salmo trutta in the Rivers of the White Sea Basin // Journal of Ichthyology. v. 38. № 1. p. 61-66.
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Matthews M.A., Poole W.R., Thompson C.E., McKillen J., Ferguson A., Hindar K., Wheelan K.F. 2000. Incidence of hybridization between Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in Ireland // Fisheries Management and Ecology. v. 7. p. 337-347.
McGowan C., Davidson W.S. 1991. Aspects of natural hybridization between Atlantic salmon and brown trout: molecular biochemistry in population ecology // Symposium on Biochemical Genetics and Taxonomy of Fish. Queen's University. Belfast, 22-26 July 1991. Abstracts. p. 45.
McGowan C., Davidson W.S. 1992. Artificial hybridization of Newfoundland brown trout and Atlantic salmon: hatchability, survival and growth to first feeding // Aquaculture. v. 106. № 2. p. 117-125.
McGowan C., Davidson W.S. 1992. Unidirectional natural hybridization between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in Newfoundland // Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. v. 49. № 9. p. 1953-1958.
Mills D. 1971. Salmon and trout: A resourse, its ecology, conservation and management. Edinburgh: Oliver@Boyd. 351 p.
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Mjolnerod I.B. 1999. Aspects of population genetics, behaviour and performance of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) revealed by molecular genetic techniques. Dr. Scient. Thesis. Trondheim: The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology.
River Imsa, southwestern Norway.
“Interspecific hybridization with brown trout was also recorded, as 3.2 % (4 of 126) of the age-0 juveniles were heterozygote at the species-diagnostic loci, GPI-1,2*, GPI-3* and PGM* 15. Moreover, their salmon parent was more frequently farmed than native (Fisher’s exact test, P=0.028; including out migrant P=0.014), supporting the convention that the behaviour of farmed salmon may lead to increased rates of interspecific hybridization16,17.”
Moran P., Garcia-Vazquez E., Pendas A.M., Izquierdo J.I., Martin Ventura J.A., Fernandez-Rueda P. 1993. Status of genetic conservation in Salmonid populations from Asturian rivers (North of Spain) // Genetic Conservation of Salmonid fishes. Edited by J.G. Cloud and G.H. Thorgaard, Plenum Press, New York, p. 213-218.
p. 214. "Interspecific hybrids were identified by the enzymatic patterns of Pgi* and Pgm* (Vuorinen and Piironen, 1984)."
P. 216-217. "Both species, S. salar and S. trutta, are able to cross in the wild and a genetic introgression is possible in Spanish rivers. S. salar x S. trutta hybrids have been found in the Narcea and in the Esva rivers. The rate of interspecific hybridization, measured as the percent of htbrids against the total number of individuals captured, was 1.42 % in the Esva sample and from 0.96 to 4.0 % in different sites in the Narcea. One individual was a mature male parr. Similar hybridization rates have been reported in other rivers from northern Spain and could be considered higher than those from other European populations (Garcia de Leaniz et al., 1989). Increasing hybridization rates can be interpreted as a consequence of restocking with foreign populations (Vuorinen and Piironen, 1984) and/or of abundance of mature parr <> (Crozier, 1984). Anyway, it may be assumed as an indication of genetic disturbation in Asturian salmonid populations." 
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p. 2-3. "... the F1 hybrids exhibit a summation of the protein patterns present in # the parents. In fig. 1 this state of affairs is shown in a F1 hybrid between salmon and brown trout. The water soluble blood serum proteins as revealed by staining with Amido Black are presented in fig. 1 A (a= brown trout, b= hybrid, c= salmon). In B the serum esterase configuration are shown, with only one zone of enzyme activity in both parental species. The serum esterases often offer a simple way in demonstrating inter-specific differences. Even in the liver esterases there are distinct differences, all inherited in the hybrid. (C) Distinct inter-population differences are consequently, when qualitative differences are concerned, of a genetic basis."
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p. 236. “Usually hybrids are sterile, but the female products of salmonxtrout mating are fertile, and then crossed back with male trout produce healthy offspring. The male hybrids are malformed and sterile.”
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p. 20. “Hybrid mellom laks og orret
En av de totalt 1542 analyserte fiskene fra naturlinge populasjoner viste seg ved den elektroforetiske analysen a vere en hybrid mellom laks og orret (Heggberget et al., 1988). Hybriden ble fanget i Altaelva, og ble ved innsamlingen antatt a tilhore elvas naturlige laksebestand. Dette individet er ikke tatt med I de videre genetiske analysene. Anvendelsen av electroforese som en metode for a identifisere artshybrider mellom laks og orret er beskrevet av Beland et al. (1981), Mork & Heggberget (1984) og Vuorinen & Piironen (1984).”
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VII = Vuorinen, Piironen, 1984
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