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Nitrate nitrogen and salicylic acid load influence on the ecologo-physiologic features of reed mace (Typha angustifolia L.) and its algaecide and sanative activity. – Abramova K. I. and Ratushnyak A. A. – The nitrogen nitrate (400 mg/L) and salicylic acid (1•10–4 Ì) bursting load was found to affect endometabolite and exometabolite formation in reed mace (Typha angustifolia Linnaeus, 1753). These metabolites can regulate the hydrochemical regime of the environment by nitrogen nitrate and the concurrent phytoplankton structure.
Key words: Typha angustifolia, endometabolites, exometabolites, nitrate nitrogen, salicylic acid, water quality, radiocarbon technique.
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Fractal analysis of the specific structure of carabidaecomplexes in urbanized territories (with Kazan City as an example). – Gelashvili D. B., Solntcev L. A., Yakimov V. N., Suhodol'skaya R. A., Habibullina N. R., Iudin D. I., and Snegireva M. S. – Traditional analysis of the specific structure of carabidaecomplexes in urbanized territories different in their anthropogenic load (the industrial, residential, and recreational ones) was carried out. A significant retrogression of the specific diversity of the industrial zonal carabidaecomplex was revealed in comparison with the residential and recreational zones in the course of our statistical analysis of the specific structure indices with no significant differences in the predominance level. With the usage of multifractal analysis, the applicability of the self-similarity principle for description of the specific structure of ground beetle communities is shown. The fractal formalism adequacy for identification of the invariant structural characteristics of carabidaecomplexes is demonstrated for urbanized territories. The examined carabidaecomplexes, different in their dominant species composition, species richness, and species diversity parameters, are characterized by a structural invariant (the self-similarity, or fractality of its organization).
Key words: multifractal analysis, self-similarity principle, carabidaecomplexes, urbanized territories.
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Hydrometeorological factor influence on the intraseasonal succession of the littoral phytoplankton in the Rybinsk reservoir. – Devyatkin V. G. – The intraseasonal succession of phytoplankton can be considered as a sequence of the development of ecocenes, i.e. adaptive algae associations formed under certain ecological conditions and making first (lowest)-order clusters at cluster analysis. The ecocene existence duration in the Rybinsk reservoir littoral usually varies from 2 to 7 days and the temporal boundaries coincide with the dominating species alternation in the planktonic algae. The results of our statistical analysis give evidence that the disturbance in the gradual course of seasonal succession can be caused by sharp variations of the synoptic conditions. The hierarchical structure of the ecocenes and the largest gaps in their sequence strongly depend on hydrometeorological conditions. As a result, the summer phytoplankton growing in the periods of prolonged temperature falls can show a significant similarity with the composition of the spring or autumn phytoplankton. The phytoplankton developing during the periods of maximum heating of the reservoir also has a similar specific composition and a relationship between the abundance of the dominating species. Thus, additional cycles appear within the main seasonal cycle. Adaptive algae associations (ecocenes) are apparently rather stable combinations of algae species in this waterbody, which can recur during the intraseasonal succession of the phytoplankton under hydrometeorological condition cyclicity in different years of the reservoir existence.
Key words: phytoplankton, succession, species composition, dynamics of development.
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Vegetation dynamics estimation along a transect in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain near Kapustin Yar village. – Iolin M. M., Sorokin A. N., Starichkova K. A., Barmin A. N., Nikolaychuk L. F., and Golub V. B. – Our repeated observations (1954, 1971, 1982, 2009) on a transect crossing the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain near Kapustin Yar village (the Astrakhan region) were analyzed. The highest xerophytization degree of the vegetation was observed in 2009.
Key words: Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, water stream regulation, xerophytization of vegetation.
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Estimation of the status of natural ecosystems by bioindication techniques near a chemical weapon neutralization factory. – Kotegov B. G., Kapitonova O. A., Holmogorova N. V., Adahovsky D. A., and Konstantinova A. S. – Quantitative characteristics of some biological indicators were studied on 22 control grounds near a chemical weapon neutralization factory. Integral indices of the status of natural ecosystems were estimated for some key areas îf the explored territory using analytical desirability functions. A correlation of the integral indices with the distances from the factory was determined. Opportunities and restrictions of using several biological indices to estimate the status of natural ecosystems under anthropogenic impact are analyzed.
Key words: ecosystems, bioindication, integral estimate, man impact, chemical weapon.
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Testate amoebae community structurization in different types of boundary structures in the water – land contact zone. – Malysheva E. A., Mazei Yu. A., and Yermokhin M. V. – The patterns of changes in the species richness, abundance, species composition, and species structure of testate amoebae communities along six types of water–land boundaries in the Medveditsa River (Middle Volga region) were studied, namely, a new frontier, terrigenous and reogeneous borders, reogeneous and terrigenous hemiecotones, and the full ecotone. The testate amoebae communities are divided into terrestrial and aquatic variants for all types of boundaries. Hydrophilic species of the genera Arcella, Difflugia, Cyphoderia, Pseudodifflugia predominate in the aquatic types of the communities, while pedobiont and eurybiont groups from the genera Centropyxis, Euglypha, Plagiopyxis, Trinema are characteristic of the terrestrial communities. A decrease in the abundance and species richness of testate amoebae in the boundary zones was detected.
Key words: water–land boundary, ecotone, testate amoebae, community structure, aquatic–terrestrial boundary, Medveditsa river, types of the boundaries.
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Modern status of Desmana moschata habitats in small rivers of the Don basin in the Saratov region and the abundance of this species. – Oparina O. S., Filinova E. I., Sonina E. E., Malinina Yu. A., and Oparin M. L. – Desmana moschata was searched for in the Don Basin Rivers within the Saratov region in 2009 – 2011. The habitation suitability of these reservoirs for the species was studied. Negative (for D. moschata) factors were revealed, and their intensity in different-type habitats was estimated. Small rivers, such as the obituaries of the Khopyr and Medveditsa rivers, were found to be suitable for the species, however, no animals and even traces of their activity were found with the usage of various techniques. Nevertheless, we cannot state the absence of the species in the small rivers of the Saratov region now; provided that the species has preserved there, its abundance must be extremely low. The sharp reduction in abundance, down to full disappearance of D. moschata, is most probably due to intraspecific processes, to some factors of global nature, and to introduction of new species previously not peculiar to the ecosystems of the flood lands of the rivers in the territory under survey.
Key words: Desmana moschata, small rivers, hydrobionts, abundance counts, environmental factors.
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Biological activity changes of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. – Pleshakova E. V., Muratova A. Yu., and Turkovskaya O. V. – The activity of dehydrogenases and peroxidases in soil after cultivation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) plants under the conditions of pollution with oil-sludge and diesel-fuel hydrocarbons with concentrations of 12 and 10 g/kg, respectively, was studied. The plants are shown to stimulate the enzyme activities in the hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Enzymatic activity depends on both contaminant type and the plant species used. Alfalfa considerably stimulates the dehydrogenase and peroxidase activity in the diesel-fuel-contaminated soil. The peroxidase activity was maximal in the rye-planted oil-sludge-contaminated soil. Alfalfa was most effective in phytoremediation of the oil-sludge contaminated soil, while rye was most effective in phytoremediation of the diesel-fuel-contaminated soil.
Key words: hydrocarbon contamination, phytoremediation, dehydrogenases, peroxidases, Medicago sativa, Secale cereale.
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Ecological and biochemical properties of some typical representatives of cryptogramic plants of Southern Timan. – Rozentsvet O. A., Bogdanova E. S., Tabalenkova G. N., Golovko T. K., and Zakhozhiy I. G. – The lipid and fatty acid composition in four representatives of higher spore plants in Southern Timan (Lycopodium annotinum (L.), Diphasiastrum complanatum L. Holub, Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm., Woodsia glabella R. Br.) was studied. The species differ by their taxonomic position, belonging to a geographical flora element, and by their ecological group. Glycolipids, phospholipids, and betaine lipids were found in the spectra of membrane lipids. The dependence of the plant lipid composition on their relation to water factor was shown. The leaves of the Arctic-Alpine species W. glabella were found to be characterized by the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids, reserve and betaine lipids.
Key words: membrane lipids, neutral lipids, fatty acids, Lycopodiophyta, Polypodiophyta.
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Fecundity of Blue Bream Abramis ballerus in the Kuybyshev reservoir. – Severov Y. A. and Saifullin R. R. – The fecundity parameters of Blue Bream in the Kuybyshev Reservoir were analyzed on the basis of our material collected in the Meshensky Bay in 2009. In comparison with the literature data of previous years, a considerable decrease in the absolute fecundity is noted. Nowadays, this index is stabilized at the level observed in the Middle Volga conditions. The worsened environmental conditions have affected all biological indices of Blue Bream, and, as a consequence, a fecundity reduction is noted with a less weight and body size than in former years. However, our data give evidence of a rather high reproductive potential of the Blue Bream population now.
Key words: Abramis ballerus, Kuybyshev reservoir, Meshinsky Bay, individual absolute fecundity, reproductive potential, population, environmental conditions.
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Parasite fauna of rotan Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 (Osteichthyes, Odontobutidae) in some waterbodies of European Russia. – Sokolov S. G., Protasova Å. N., and Reshetnikov À. N. – The fish rotan is native to the Amur river basin and some other basins in the Far East of Eurasia. This species has been widely distributed in the waterbodies of Europe and Siberia. There are only fragmentary data about the parasite fauna of rotan in Europe. A parasitological study of rotans from 13 waterbodies of European Russia was made. 31 parasite species and unidentified forms were recorded. 20 species and forms were first recorded in European rotan. Some specific parasites of rotan (Gyrodactylus perccotti and Nippotaenia mogurndae) have been first found for the Volga river basin. Descriptions of G. perccotti, the merocercoid of Ophiotaenia europaea, the metacercaria of Opisthioglyphe ranae, and several unidentified forms of parasites are presented. The taxonomic diversity of the registered parasites confirms the introduced rotan having joined the native parasite systems in European freshwater waterbodies.
Key words: Perccottus glenii, parasite fauna, Europe.
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Small mammals of forest belts in the Saratov Right-Volga-bank region. – Tsvetkova A. A. – The population structure of small mammals in forest belts in the steppe zone of the Saratov Right-Volga-bank region is shown to be formed from the modern local fauna and to have close parameters. Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus flavicollis, Apodemus agrarius, Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus, Dryomys nitedula constitute the basis of the rodent communities. S. uralensis is the predominant species in forest belts of all types while S. flavicollis reaches a high abundance in forest shelter-belts when oak is present. The highest indices of specific diversity (H = 1.117) were observed in forest belts along railroads. The diversity of small mammal communities in forest belts is related to the type and pedigree composition of trees, though no full correlation between these parameters has been revealed.
Key words: small mammals, community, abundance, species diversity, forest belt, steppe zone.
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Post-technogenic successions of the ornithocomplexes of the Eastern Upper-Volga region. Part II. Bird population dynamics in the course of overgrowing of neglected arable lands. – Melnikov V. N. and Khrulyova O. B. – Regularities of the dynamics of bird populations on overgrown agricultural lands of the Eastern Upper-Volga region are considered. Different types of the dynamics of single species and bird groups in the process of dismutation succession on unused fields were analyzed on the basis of our bird census conducted on various kinds of overgrown agricultural lands. Some regularities of the succession process on such territories were noted.
Key words: ecological succession, avifauna, bird population, dynamics, environmental factors.
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Micromicetal destruction of composite materials on the basis of natural and synthetic polymers. – Smirnov V. Ph., Mochalova A. E., Smirnova O. N., Zaharova E. A., Kriazhev D. V., and Smirnova L. A. – The microbic resistance (mould resistance) of various new polymeric compositions on the basis of natural and synthetic polymers was studied. Experimental evidence of our assumption that the mould resistance of polymeric compositions cannot be judged on that of their components has been obtained. New polymeric compositions on the basis of synthetic and natural polymers with different the biostability (mould-resistant and biodecomposed ones) were developed.
Key words: synthesis of polymers, biodeterioration, micromycete destructors, microbiologic resistance.
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Zooplankton formation regularities in upper-bog reservoirs (with the Polistovo-Lovats-kaya upper-bog system as an example). – Cherevichko A. V. – The zooplankton composition and structure were studied in the water bodies of the Polistovo-Lovatskaya bog system, which have the same origin (formed by swamping of a post-glacial lake) and are at different stages of ecological succession. On the basis of our data of the specific and quantitative composition of the communities under study, as well as on published data about the feeding spectra of species it has been revealed that the specific zooplankton diversity reduces, pasture trophic chains are replaced by detrital ones, the variations of the taxonomic structure indices decrease, and eurybionts are replaced by stenobionts in the succession series of water bodies in the «mesotrophic lake → dystrophic lake → upper bog (secondary water bodies)» system.
Key words: ecological succession, primary lakes, secondary water bodies, zooplankton, trophic structure, stenobiontic index.
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In commemoration of Gleb I. Khudyakov (20 November, 1928 – 13 June, 2011)
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